Comparative Bio-Efficacy of Neem Formulations and Neem Seed Kernel Extract for Sustainable Management of Spodoptera litura in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in Malwa, Madhya Pradesh
Abstract
We tested azadirachtin 1 EC, neem oil, neem leaf extract, and Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE; 3% and 5%) against Spodoptera litura in Malwa using a randomized block design. Pooled means indicated that Azadirachtin 1 EC 1 EC (40 ml/10 L) resulted in the lowest defoliation rate (14.1%) and larvae load (1.21 larvae plant), while Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE; Singh & Singh) (3% (w/v)) demonstrated the least efficacy(defoliation 25.2%, 2.12 larvae plant). Results show that neem botanicals are important parts of IPM that lower the need for chemicals without hurting performance [1–4]
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Copyright (c) 2025 Sandeep Singh Nagar, H. S. Rathore, S. N. Upadhyay
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