Enhanced Power Management in PV-Fuel Cell Systems Using Super capacitor Integration

Abstract

The continuous rise in global energy demand, coupled with growing environmental concerns, has significantly boosted the adoption of renewable energy sources over the past decade. Energy options such as solar, wind, and hydro have gained widespread acceptance due to their clean, emission-free nature and their abundance. Advancements in semiconductor technologies have facilitated the development and commercialization of photovoltaic (PV) cells, positioning PV systems as a viable alternative energy solution. However, as the use of PV systems expands, their impact on the power grid becomes increasingly significant. Issues such as harmonic distortion and grid stability challenges arise, necessitating compliance with technical standards to ensure power quality. This includes the regulation of harmonic currents, which is especially important when large-scale PV installations are connected to the grid, as they can lead to severe disturbances. Similarly, modern wind farms rely heavily on power electronic components. These devices, while essential, contribute to harmonic emissions. The widespread deployment of static power converters—such as rectifiers and switched-mode power supplies—further aggravates the situation by introducing harmonic currents into the distribution network. These harmonics can distort voltages and currents, ultimately affecting the stable and efficient operation of the entire power system.